What Is Doppler Blood Pressure Reading in Dogs
Can J Vet Res. 2006 Jul; 70(three): 211–217.
Language: English language | French
Evaluation of oscillometric and Doppler ultrasonic methods of indirect blood force per unit area estimation in conscious dogs
Received 2004 Jul 28; Accepted 2005 Jun 21.
Abstract
To assess the accuracy and precision of indirect measurements of systemic arterial blood pressure (BP), results obtained with an oscillometric device (BPo) and a Doppler ultrasonic device (BPud) were compared with those obtained past direct radiotelemetry (BPrt) in 12 conscious beagles. The correlation between indirectly obtained and directly measured values for BP parameters ranged widely for the different indirect methods and sites of gage placement, with R 2 between 0.001 and 0.901. Both indirect methods underestimated all BP parameters, the degree of underestimation increasing at higher values for the BP. The highest correlation occurred when estimates were the average of v values consecutively obtained with the oscillometric device and cuff placement at the coccygeal avenue (R ii = 0.854 for hateful BPo, 0.886 for systolic BPo, and 0.901 for diastolic BPo; P < 0.0001 for all parameters) or with the ultrasonic Doppler device at the metatarsal arteries (R two = 0.810 for systolic BPud; P < 0.0001). Multiple consecutively obtained values are advised, equally this approach improves the reliability of indirect BP measurements. The potent correlation between directly measured values and estimates derived as the average of 5 consecutive indirectly obtained values indicates that the latter approach provides a useful estimate of BP in conscious dogs and is probable to exist useful in monitoring illness progress and treatment in dogs with aberrant BP.
Résumé
Afin d'évaluer la justesse et la précision des mesures indirectes de la pression sanguine artérielle systémique (BP), les résultats obtenus avec un appareil oscillométrique (BP o ) et un appareil à ultrasons Doppler (BP ud ) ont été comparés à ceux obtenus par radio-télémétrie directe (BP rt ) chez 12 chiens éveillés de race Beagle. La corrélation entre les valeurs des paramètres de BP obtenues de manières indirectes et celles mesurées directement variaient grandement cascade les différentes méthodes indirectes et les sites de placement du manchon, avec des valeurs de R2 entre 0,001 et 0,901. Les deux méthodes indirectes ont sous-estimé tous les paramètres de BP, le degré de sous-interpretation augmentant avec des valeurs plus élevées de BP. La plus grande corrélation a été notée lorsque les estimés étaient la moyenne de 5 valeurs consécutives obtenues avec fifty'appareil oscillométrique et le placement du manchon au niveau de l'artère coccygienne (BP o moyenne : R2 = 0,854; BP o systolique: R2 = 0,886; BP o diastolique : R2 = 0,901; P < 0,0001 pour tous les paramètres) ou avec 50'appareil à ultrasons Doppler au niveau des artères métatarsiennes (BP ud systolique: Rtwo = 0,810; P < 0,0001). L'obtention de valeurs multiples consécutives est recommandée étant donné que cette approche améliore la fiabilité des mesures indirectes de BP. La forte corrélation entre les valeurs de mesures directes et un estimé correspondant à la moyenne de five valeurs obtenues indirectement démontre que cette dernière approche fournit united nations estimé utile de la BP chez des chiens éveillés et serait certainement utile pour suivre le progrès de maladie et le traitement de chiens avec une BP anormale.
(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier)
Introduction
Abnormalities of systemic arterial claret pressure (BP) have been associated with a diversity of diseases in dogs. Systemic hypotension tin can lead to tissue ischemia and injury during anesthesia or depletion of extracellular fluid volume (i). Systemic hypertension has been observed in association with kidney disease (two–4), hyperadrenocorticism (five), hypothyroidism (six), pheochromocytoma (seven), and diabetes mellitus (eight), and in an idiopathic grade (9). Systemic hypertension has been causally associated with incomprehension (10,11), cardiovascular and neurologic complications (2), and progressive renal injury (2–4) in these animals.
Thus, reliable measurement of BP in conscious dogs would be a valuable clinical tool. Measurement of BP by straight techniques, with the use of intra-arterial catheterization or needle puncture, provides reliable and authentic values. Unfortunately, these straight methods are generally not applicable in clinical practice, equally they may require anesthesia or sedation and a high caste of technical skill. Too, their invasiveness creates opportunities for infection and hemorrhage, as well as feet-induced artifactual superlative of BP.
Several methods indirectly estimate BP by use of an external, inflatable cuff and commercially available detection devices. 1 such method involves the oscillometric principle, introduced by Marey in 1876 (12). Oscillometric devices utilize variations in amplitude of oscillations during compression of the arterial wall to estimate arterial pressure (BPo). Another method commonly used for estimating BP employs the ultrasonic Doppler flow detector, which estimates arterial pressure (BPud) past detecting changes induced by claret flow during external compression by an inflatable cuff.
Several studies accept evaluated indirect BP methods in dogs; however, most have either used anesthetized animals for comparison with direct measurements (thirteen–xix) or have not made comparisons with direct obtained values (twenty–22). Motion, increased skeletal muscle tone, and lability of measured parameters make indirect measurements in conscious animals substantially more problematic. A few studies accept addressed this outcome past comparing direct and indirect determinations in conscious animals (23–25).
A radiotelemetric organization for measurement of BP, heart charge per unit (HR), and motion in experimental studies has been adjusted for use in dogs (26,27). This method involves surgical placement of a small implant into the subcutaneous infinite in the flank. By using this system, it is possible to compare results for BP obtained by direct, radiotelemetric measurement (BPrt) with simultaneously obtained results from indirect measuring devices in conscious, minimally restrained dogs.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of indirect BP estimation by oscillometric or ultrasonic Doppler methods by comparison the results with measurements simultaneously obtained by radiotelemetry.
Materials and methods
Animals
Twelve adult, sexually intact beagles (7 males and 5 females) with a mean weight of 11.1 ± 1.6 kg were procured from the Laboratory Animal Facility of the University of Georgia Higher of Veterinary Medicine. All animals had been vaccinated against common viral diseases and treated for ectoparasites and endoparasites. In 6 of the beagles, a renal mass had been reduced by approximately seven-eighths past partial nephrectomy (28) at least 2 months previously as part of some other study. All the dogs were negative for microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis (canine heartworm). All studies were conducted in accord with the Guidelines for Intendance and Utilise of Laboratory Animals of the U.s. National Institutes of Health and were canonical by the Institutional Animate being Care Commission of the University of Georgia.
Radiotelemetry system
The apply of the radiotelemetry organisation has previously been described (29,30). Surgical placement of the implant (model TA11PAD-70; Data Sciences International, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA) was performed aseptically in a dedicated suite later anesthesia had been induced. Briefly, the implant catheter was inserted into a muscular co-operative of the femoral artery and advanced to the level of the descending aorta, and the implant trunk was placed in the subcutaneous space of the flank. An interval of at least 2 wk was allowed before studies were performed.
For these studies, a radio indicate transmitted force per unit area-waveform data via a receiver (model RLA-2000; Data Sciences International), placed next to the BP measurement table, to a computer (ProLinea 4/66; Compaq Computer Corporation, Houston, Texas, USA). The temporal blueprint of BP was reconstructed from the modulations in the radio signal. The radiotelemetric values for systolic, diastolic, and hateful BP (SBPrt, DBPrt, and MBPrt, forth with 60 minutesrt, were determined by estimator-assisted analysis (Dataquest LabPro; Data Sciences International), as previously described (31–35).
Direct values were obtained either equally the boilerplate of 5-s recordings every xxx s or from continuous waveform recordings during the indirect-device cycle, the hateful of systolic pressures from the first 15 due south being taken as SBPrt, the mean of all values from the middle xv southward as MBPrt, and the mean of the diastolic pressures from the last 15 southward as DBPrt. When the 2 directly methods were compared in xc BP determinations, they provided nearly identical estimates of BP (hateful divergence, 0.68 ± 0.31 mm Hg; not significantly different).
Indirect BP estimates
All indirect estimates were recorded from conscious beagles with the employ of either an oscillometric device (Dinamap, model 8300; Critikon, Tampa, Florida, United states of america) or an ultrasonic Doppler device (model 811; Parks Medical Electronics, Beaverton, Oregon, U.s.). For each indirect device, BP estimates were obtained at the same time equally directly measurements: 1 observer used the indirect device, and another simultaneously operated the directly telemetry device. Measurements with the 2 indirect devices were obtained at different times, by and large on a different mean solar day.
The oscillometric device provided estimates of mean, diastolic, and systolic BP (MBPo, DBPo, and SBPo), as well every bit Houro. The ultrasonic Doppler device provided estimates of systolic BP (SBPud) but. The accuracy of the oscillometric indirect pressure transducer was verified according to the manufacturer's instructions, with the aid of a mercury manometer. The accuracy of the aneroid manometer used in conjunction with the ultrasonic Doppler device was similarly verified.
The dogs were acclimated to the measurement procedure in the week before the studies and were either restrained gently on the measurement table or placed in Pavlovian slings for at least 5 min before indirect BP estimates, according to the domestic dog's individual preference. Because preliminary studies demonstrated that move interfered with the reliability of both indirect methods, estimates obtained while a subject was moving were discarded. Limb and tail circumferences were betwixt 6 and 10 cm, and a #3 neonatal gage (Disposa-Cuf; Critikon) was used to meet established criteria for cuff size (fourteen,17).
The cuff for the oscillometric device was attached to 5 sites. The coccygeal avenue was occluded by placing the cuff 1 cm distal to the base of the tail, with the artery pointer positioned along the ventral midline. The metacarpal arteries were occluded past placing the cuff on the distal portion of the thoracic limb between the carpal and metacarpal pads, with the artery arrow facing the palmar aspect of the hand. The median avenue was occluded past placing the cuff on the proximal portion of the thoracic limb between the elbow and the carpal pad, with the avenue arrow over the medial surface of the limb. The metatarsal arteries were occluded by placing the cuff on the pelvic limb proximal to the metatarsal pad and below the hock, with the artery arrow facing the plantar aspect of the paw. The cranial tibial avenue was occluded by placing the cuff on the pelvic limb proximal to the hock, with the artery arrow facing cranially. If the oscillometric device failed to display a complete set of estimated values for 3 sequent measurements, the cuff was repositioned, and the measurements were repeated.
The Doppler menses probe was palmar in the thoracic limb (median artery) and plantar in the pelvic limb (tibial and metatarsal arteries). For probe placement, the surface of a limb was shaven and an aqueous ultrasonic transmission gel (Aquasonic 100; Parker Laboratories, Orangish, New Bailiwick of jersey, USA) was applied between the probe and the peel. The position of the probe was adjusted until a clear signal was obtained from the amplified loudspeaker, and so the probe was fixed into position with record. The occluding cuff, with an aneroid manometer (Tomac, Tokyo, Japan) attached, was secured proximally to the Doppler menstruation detector. To estimate SBP, the pressure in the gage was increased until the flow signal disappeared and then was gradually decreased, at a rate of approximately 2 mm Hg/s. The sphygmomanometer force per unit area coinciding with the 1st aural period signal was taken as SBPud.
For both indirect devices, we attempted to ensure that the gage was at or within iii cm of the heart level. For the Doppler device, the cuff and transducer were maintained at or near the same level relative to the centre.
Site-selection studies
Site-selection studies were performed in the 6 normal beagles (iii male and 3 female) at spontaneous BP. Initially, 5 measurement sites (coccygeal, metacarpal, metatarsal, tibial, and median arteries) were evaluated with the oscillometric method, at least x measurements being obtained per site per animal. On the basis of these studies, the 2 sites with the strongest correlation between SBPo and SBPrt were selected for farther evaluation.
Initial studies were besides performed with the ultrasonic Doppler device in the 6 normal beagles. 3 sites were evaluated (median, tibial, and metatarsal arteries), with a minimum of 15 measurements at each site. The site with the strongest correlation betwixt SBPud and SBPrt was selected for farther evaluation.
Pharmacologic alteration of BP
To test the ability of the oscillometric and ultrasonic Doppler devices to estimate BP over a broad range of values, BP was pharmacologically altered. 3 individuals obtained at least threescore measurements each with the Doppler device.
To reduce BP, we gave the animals 2 mg of hydralazine (UDL Laboratories, Rockford, Illinois, USA) and 2.v mg of atenolol (Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, New York, USA) per kilogram of body weight (BW) orally twice daily for 2 d. On twenty-four hour period 3, the beagles received six mg of hydralazine/kg BW and 7.five mg of atenolol/kg BW orally approximately two h before the studies. This approach led to a decrement of approximately twenty mm Hg in MBP in each dog on day 3.
Afterward a recovery menstruum of at least 24 h, additional studies were conducted with the BP elevated. The beagles received 0.03 mg of phenylephrine (Schein Pharmaceutical, Port Washington, New York, U.s.a.) per milliliter of lactated Ringer's solution, with the dosage adjusted to maintain a stable summit of approximately 30 to fifty mm Hg in MBP. Each beagle received a total dose of approximately 2.25 mg of phenylephrine.
Statistical analyses
All values are expressed every bit hateful ± standard deviation (southward). Elementary linear regression assay was used to evaluate the relationships between the indirect and directly values. A commercial software parcel (Statview 4.five; Abacus Concepts, Berkeley, California, USA) was used. A P-value of less than 0.05 was taken to point a statistically significant divergence. The mean differences betwixt simultaneously obtained indirect estimates and direct measurements were determined. The boilerplate of five consecutive simultaneously obtained indirect and direct determinations was evaluated to decide if averaging would increase the strength of relations between indirect and direct results. Statistical analysis included Bland–Altman limits-of-understanding plots (36).
Results
Site-choice studies
A total of 424 simultaneous direct measurements and indirect determinations by the oscillometric method were made at 5 sites in 6 normal, conscious, unmedicated beagles. The correlations between BPrt and BPo varied, R ii ranging from 0.001 to 0.271. The SBPo determined at the coccygeal and tibial sites provided the best correlations (R 2 = 0.247 and 0.271, respectively; P < 0.0001 for both), and these 2 sites were therefore called for further evaluation of the oscillometric device.
A total of 273 measurements were made at 3 sites in 6 normal, conscious, unmedicated beagles by the ultrasonic Doppler method. There were significant correlations between SBPrt and SBPud at all 3 sites, R 2 ranging from 0.174 to 0.827. The metatarsal site provided the strongest correlation (R 2 = 0.827), and this site was therefore selected for farther evaluation of the Doppler device.
Comparative studies
Comparative studies were conducted at 2 sites for the oscillometric device (264 simultaneous measurements) and ane site for the ultrasonic Doppler device (270 simultaneous measurements) in 12 conscious beagles, 6 normal and 6 with reduced renal mass. Every bit there were no significant differences between correlations obtained in the 2 groups of dogs or betwixt individuals making the readings, all results were pooled.
The strongest correlations (Table I) were for BP estimates at the coccygeal site with the oscillometric device. Even so, all correlations for the tibial site with this device were also meaning. With the ultrasonic Doppler device, correlation was skillful at the metatarsal site.
Tabular array I
Correlation of simultaneous indirect and direct claret pressure (BP) measurements in 12 witting beagles
| R 2 ;a mean ± s (and range of values), mm Hgb | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Method (and n) | SBP | MBP | DBP |
| Oscillometry at coccygeal site (174) | 0.786 | 0.740 | 0.720 |
| 158.three ± 37.8 | 112.nine ± 29.v | 88.8 ± 25.eight | |
| (108–268) | (65–190) | (52–163) | |
| Oscillometry at tibial site (90) | 0.251 | 0.347 | 0.422 |
| 151.7 ± 28.seven | 110.9 ± 23.5 | 88.four ± 22.1 | |
| (106–222) | (76–170) | (56–152) | |
| Doppler ultrasonography at metatarsal site (270) | 0.753 | ND | ND |
| 167.three ± 39.7 | ND | ND | |
| (87–199) | ND | ND | |
At SBPrt values in a higher place 107 mm Hg, the oscillometric device consistently underestimated SBP (Figure 1). A like pattern of increasing underestimation was observed for MBPo and DBPo at college values. Although a like trend of underestimation at higher SBPrt (higher up 128 mm Hg) was observed with the ultrasonic Doppler device, this device was less consequent and provided both overestimated and underestimated values over the entire range of SBP (Figure 2).
Simple linear regression relation (dotted line) and line of identity (dashed) for systolic arterial blood pressure (BP) values obtained in 12 conscious beagles by oscillometry (SBPo) at the coccygeal artery site and past radiotelemetry (SBPrt). Each data point corresponds to simultaneously obtained values for SBPo and SBPrt. There were 174 comparisons (R 2 = 0.786; P < 0.0001).
Simple linear regression relation (dotted line) and line of identity (dashed) for systolic arterial BP values obtained in 12 conscious beagles past Doppler ultrasonography (SBPud) at the metatarsal arteries site and by radiotelemetry (SBPr t). Each data point corresponds to simultaneously obtained values for SBPud and SBPrt. There were 270 comparisons (R 2 = 0.753; P < 0.0001).
Using average results for 5 consecutive simultaneous direct and indirect determinations improved the reliability of the indirect estimates with both devices (Table 2).
Table II
Correlation of indirect and direct BP measurements in 12 witting beagles with the utilise of the averages of 5 consecutive simultaneous determinations
| R 2 ; mean ± southward (and range of values), mm Hg | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Method (and n) | SBP | MBP | DBP |
| Oscillometry at coccygeal site (35) | 0.886a | 0.854a | 0.901a |
| 150.2 ± 32.2 | 109.ii ± 24.7 | 86.3 ± 22.1 | |
| 112–213 | 79–147 | 58–119 | |
| Oscillometry at tibial site (18) | 0.381b | 0.546b | 0.629a |
| 151.seven ± 28.nine | 110.ix ± 23.4 | 88.4 ± 21.eight | |
| 109–199 | 79–153 | 59–129 | |
| Doppler ultrasonography at metatarsal site (54) | 0.810a | ND | ND |
| 149.2 ± 25.8 | ND | ND | |
| 117–192 | ND | ND | |
The Bland–Altman limits-of-agreement plots (36) demonstrated the bias (mean divergence) of the oscillometric device (Figure three) and the ultrasonic Doppler device (Figure iv) and the trend for increased overestimation of the indirect devices at college SBP. The bias of the oscillometric device at the coccygeal site for 174 simultaneous measurements of MBPo, SBPo, and DBPo was 10.8 ± xv.6, 20.0 ± 18.2, and 5.3 ± xv.3, respectively. The bias of the ultrasonic Doppler device at the metatarsal site for 270 simultaneous measurements of SBPud was 11.6 ± xix.7. Thus, in that location was a heterogeneous underestimation by the indirect devices. For the oscillometric device, xiv.4%, 24.7%, and 25.9% of values for SBPo, MBPo, and DBPo, respectively, were inside five mm Hg of the simultaneously obtained radiotelemetric values, and 29.nine%, 48.nine%, and 56.9% were within ten mm Hg. For the Doppler device, 21.5% of values for SBPud were inside v mm Hg and 43.0% within ten mm Hg of the simultaneously obtained SBPrt.
Bland–Altman limits-of-understanding plots (36) for SBPrt and SBPo at the coccygeal site. Each data point corresponds to the difference between one pair of simultaneously obtained direct and indirect measurements. As well depicted are the hateful overall difference (dotted line), the mean ± 1 standard departure (s) (dashed line), the mean ± 2 s (solid line), and the unproblematic linear regression relation between the differences and averages of the 2 methods (thick solid diagonal line).
Bland–Altman limits-of-understanding plots for SBPr t and SBPud. Each data bespeak corresponds to the difference between 1 pair of simultaneously obtained directly and indirect measurements. Also depicted are the hateful overall difference (dotted line), the mean ± 1 s (dashed line), the hateful ± 2 s (solid line), and the uncomplicated linear regression relation between the differences and averages of the two methods (thick solid diagonal line).
Discussion
Measurement of BP has become a valuable clinical tool in veterinary medicine for the identification of animals with systemic hypertension. High BP has been associated with kidney disease (2–4), hyperadrenocorticism (five), hypothyroidism (vi), pheochromocytoma (vii), and diabetes mellitus (8), and also exists in an idiopathic form (9). Since elevations in BP are causally associated with incomprehension (10,11), cardiovascular and neurologic complications (2), and progressive renal injury (2–iv), reliable measurements of BP will let veterinarians to monitor BP, brand informed decisions regarding establishment of antihypertensive therapy, and assess the efficacy of such therapy.
Although straight methods for measuring BP are reliable, the procedures are invasive and technically difficult, and they create the potential for complications and artifact. To exist relevant to the conscious patient, evaluations of the reliability of indirect methods should exist accomplished with simultaneous use of directly methods in conscious animals. Many of the previous studies comparison results of indirect methods and straight obtained values for BP have relied on anesthesia or sedation (13–19).
In this written report, as with previous studies (16,24,25), the indirect methods consistently underestimated BP in witting dogs. In our study, the hateful underestimation varied from 2.viii to 20.four mm Hg for the various pressure–site combinations with the oscillometric device; the mean underestimation was 11.6 mm Hg for SBP at the metatarsal arteries with the ultrasonic Doppler device. The Clan for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) suggested that indirect devices intended for utilise in humans should differ from a reference method past a hateful of less than 5 ± eight mm Hg (31). The larger values for mean deviation and due south for the indirect devices in this study reflect an increased degree of inaccuracy and imprecision, respectively. The AAMI criteria for BP devices used in humans as well specifies that 95% of indirect estimates should prevarication within 10 mm Hg of the direct measurements and that 85% of indirect estimates should lie within 5 mm Hg of the straight measurements. Although neither of the indirect methods that nosotros evaluated met these criteria, many indirect devices, including some that are very similar to those tested in the present study (32), meet these criteria in humans. An oscillometric device reportedly met the AAMI criteria in anesthetized cats (33). Until devices that run across AAMI criteria in conscious dogs are identified, the stiff correlations demonstrated in the present written report for the devices evaluated point that these devices tin provide simply useful approximations of BP in conscious dogs.
Several studies have addressed the relationship between simultaneously obtained direct and indirect values for BP in conscious dogs. Our results are consistent with those from a previous report that addressed this relationship with the utilize of an ultrasonic Doppler device at the median artery site (24); results from linear regression analysis of the ultrasonic Doppler estimates in conscious dogs indicated an R two between 0.410 and 0.656. Our study indicated that estimates obtained from the median avenue site were inferior to those obtained from the metatarsal arteries site. Results from another study comparing simultaneous indirect estimates obtained with an oscillometric device and direct measurements obtained by radiotelemetric implants in witting dogs (25) supported the utility of indirect oscillometric estimates at the coccygeal artery, as did our findings. Some other group of investigators demonstrated inaccuracies of the oscillometric and Doppler devices in clinical patients (23), similar to those reported herein, and suggested the importance of defining the characteristics of these methods (34).
The radiotelemetric organization that nosotros used provided values for MBP, SBP, and DBP for comparison with simultaneously obtained indirect BP measurements. Studies have verified the precision and accuracy of this direct BP measurement method (26,27,35,37–39). In a study performed in our laboratory, direct radiotelemetric measurements correlated strongly with simultaneous direct obtained intra-arterial force per unit area values in 3 cats (R two for MBP = 0.999, SBP = 0.997, DBP = 0.998; P < 0.0001), with bias values of less than ii mm Hg 3 mo after implantation (35). Similar implants were in place for one to three mo in the present study.
Inaccuracies from oscillometric BP estimation devices might exist linked to many sources. Since this method relies on the aamplitude of cuff-pressure oscillations for identification of BP, shivering or other movement by a domestic dog interferes with the ability of the device to provide an authentic gauge. Nosotros addressed this problem by familiarizing the dogs with the measurement room beforehand, limiting noise and activity in the room, and having the dogs gently restrained by familiar personnel. If an beast moved during a BP determination sequence, the values were discarded. Many of the beagles slept through the procedures. Another potential source of inaccuracy is BP lability. The oscillometric determination sequence lasts approximately 30 to 150 south. If BP changes during the sequence, the BP estimate could be faulty. With the assist of frequent BP determination past the radiotelemetric system, nosotros were able to reduce this source of error.
The ultrasonic Doppler method relies on the ability of the user to hear arterial-wall sounds, which could be masked by patient movement, making it difficult to determine SBP. As with the oscillometric method, anatomic anomalies could influence the ability of the user to obtain an accurate Doppler measurement. The average determination sequence for the ultrasonic Doppler method is approximately 15 to 25 due south, and this method would be affected by a sudden modify in BP during this interval, equally with the oscillometric method. Our discarding of estimations if the canis familiaris moved during the determination sequence should have minimized these known sources of error with the ultrasonic Doppler method.
In conclusion, the oscillometric and Doppler techniques provided an approximation of BP in conscious dogs that correlated well with directly measurements of BP. Use of the oscillometric device at the coccygeal avenue provided the strongest correlations. However, the Doppler device had a smaller bias and similar, though somewhat lower, correlation of SBPud with SBPrt. Although the results did not run across the AAMI criteria for accuracy and precision, the strong correlation betwixt straight and indirect measurements obtained every bit an boilerplate of five consecutive indirect estimates with utilize of the oscillometric device at the coccygeal artery or the ultrasonic Doppler device at the metatarsal arteries supports the employ of these methods for BP determination in conscious dogs.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported in part by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station of the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine.
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Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1477936/
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